GCP 767: Political Economy and Economic Integration in Latin America
GCP 767: Economía Política e Integración Económica en América Latina
Version: February 19, 2019
Kenneth A. Reinert
Phone: 703-993-8212
Email: kreinert@gmu.edu
Office: Founders Hall 627
Office hours: Wednesdays, 6-7PM
“The economic development of Latin America since independence is a story of unfulfilled promise.” -Victor Bulmer-Thomas.
“Las naciones, como los hombres, no tienen alas; hacen vus viajes a pie, paso por paso.” -Juan Bautista Alberdi.
Course Description/Descripción del Curso
This course is an overview of political economy and economic integration in Latin America. It is very broad in its scope. We will cover economic history, development theories as applied to Latin America, trade, debt, structural adjustment, poverty, rural development, and regional trade agreements including NAFTA, Mercosur, and the FTAA. While not abandoning standard economic theory, we will emphasize the role of institutions and path dependence throughout the course. No one “ideological” tradition will be given emphasis over others.
Learning Outcomes/Resultados de Apredizaje
To understand the historical trajectoryof Latin American economic development and the role of policies in this trajectory.
To understand the way that the world economy has impinged upon Latin America and affected its development patterns.
To understand the role of regional integration, including preferential trade agreements, in the development of Latin America.
Main Texts/Principales Textos
Franko, P. (2018) The Puzzle of Latin American Economic Development, Rowman and Littlefield.
Reyes, J.A. and C.W. Sawyer (2016) Latin American Economic Development, Routledge.
Course Requirements and Grading/Requisitos del Curso
Evaluation of performance in the course will be based on a midterm exam (30 percent), a final exam (30 percent), a country briefing paper (20 percent), and participation (20 percent).
Course Outline and Readings/Esquema del Curso y Lecturas
Week 1 (January 22): Introduction/Introducción
Chapter 1 of Reyes and Sawyer, “Latin America in the World Economy.”
Chapter 1 of Franko, “Development in Latin America.”
Ostry, J.D., P. Loungani and D. Fuceri (2016) “Neoliberalism: Oversold?” Finance and Development, 53:2, 38-41.
Recommended:
Fukuyama, F. (2008) “Introduction,” in F. Fukuyama (ed.) Falling Behind: Explaining the Development Gap between Latin America and the United States , Oxford University Press, 3-47.
Hirschman, A. (1987) “The Political Economy of Latin American Development: Seven Exercises in Retrospection,” Latin American Research Review, 22:3, 7-36.
Santiso, J. (2006) “Introduction: The Waltzing Paradigms, ” in Latin America’s Political Economy of the Possible, MIT Press, 1-8.
Santopietro, J. (2008) “When Chocolate Is A Way of Life,” New York Times, November 4.
Williamson, J. (2000) “What Should the World Bank Think about the Washington Consensus?” World Bank Research Observer, 15:2, 251-264.
Week 2 (January 29): Classes Cancelled Due to Weather
Week 3 (February 5): History/Historia
Chapter 4 of Reyes and Sawyer, “Latin American Economic History.”
Chapter 2 of Franko, “Historical Legacies.”
Recommened:
Acemoglu, D., S. Johnson, and J.A. Robinson (2005) “Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth,” in P. Aghion and S.N. Durlauf (eds.), Handbook of Economic Growth, Vol. 1A, Elsevier, 385-472.
Blackburn, R. (1997) The Making of New World Slavery, Verso.
Bulmer-Thomas, V. (2003) “Latin American Economic Development: An Overview,” in The Economic History of Latin America Since Independence, Cambridge Univeristy Press, 1-18.
Coatsworth, J.H. (2005) “Structures, Endowments, and Institutions in the Economic History of Latin America,” Latin American Research Review, 40:3, 126-144.
Goodwin, R. (2015) Spain: The Centre of the World 1519-1682, Bloomsbury.
Koch, A. et al. (2019) “Earth System Impacts of the European Arrival and the Great Dying in the Americas after 1492,” Quaternary Science Reviews, 207, 13-36.
Maddison, A. (2007) “The Resurrection of Western Europe and the Transformation of the Americas,” in A. Maddison, Contours of the World Economy, 1-2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History, Oxford University Press, 69-110.
Mann, C.C. (2006) 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, Vintage.
Mann, CC. (2011) 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, Knopf.
Przeworski, A. and C. Curvale (2008) “Does Politics Explain the Economic Gap between the United States and Latin America?” in F. Fukuyama (ed.) Falling Behind: Explaining the Development Gap between Latin America and the United States , Oxford University Press, 99-133.
Robinson, J.A. (2008) “The Latin American Equilibrium,” in F. Fukuyama (ed.) Falling Behind: Explaining the Development Gap between Latin America and the United States , Oxford University Press, 161-193.
Santiso, J. (2006) “The Unfolding Futures of Latin American , ” in Latin America’s Political Economy of the Possible, MIT Press, 9-20.
Yeager, T. (1995) “Encomienda or Slavery? The Spanish Crown’s Choice of Labor Organization in Sixteenth Century Spanish America,” Journal of Economic History, 55:4, 842-859.
Week 4 (February 12): Import Substitution Industrialization/Industrialización por Sustitución de Importaciones
Chapter 5 of Reyes and Sawyer, “Latin America and Primary Commodities.”
Chapter 6 of Reyes and Sawyer, “Import Substitution in Latin America.”
Chapter 3 of Franko, “Import Substitution Industrialization.”
Recommended:
Bruton, H.J. (1998) “A Reconsideration of Import Substitution,” Journal of Economic Literature, 36:2, 903-936.
Bulmer-Thomas, V. (2003) “Inward-Looking Development in the Postwar Period,” in The Economic History of Latin America Since Independence, Cambridge Univeristy Press, 268-311.
Cypher, J.M. and J.L. Dietz (2009) “The Initial Structural Transformation,” Chapter 9 of The Process of Economic Development, Routledge, London, 271-307.
Domínguez, J.I. (2008) “Explaining Latin America’s Lagging Development in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century.” in F. Fukuyama (ed.) Falling Behind: Explaining the Development Gap between Latin America and the United States , Oxford University Press, 72-96.
Donghi, T.H. (2008) “Two Centuries of South American Reflection on the Development Gap between the United States and Latin America.” in F. Fukuyama (ed.) Falling Behind: Explaining the Development Gap between Latin America and the United States , Oxford University Press, 11-47.
Hirschman, A.O. (1968) “The Political Economy of Import Substituting Industrialization in Latin America,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 82:1, 1-32.
Pérez, C. (1996) “La Modernización Industrial en América Latina y la Herencia de la Sustitución de Importaciones, Comercio Exterior, 46:5, 347-363.
Reinert, K.A. (2017) “Trade in Goods,” in K.A. Reinert (ed.), Handbook of Globalisation and Development, Edward Elgar, 19-35.
Week 5 (February 19): Debt and Stabilization/La Deuda y la Estabilización
Chapter 8 of Reyes and Sawyer, “Exchange Rate Policy.”
Chapter 9 of Reyes and Sawyer, “Financing Current Account Deficits.”
Chapter 10 of Reyes and Sawyer, “Macroeconomic Policy in Latin America.”
Chapter 11 of Reyes and Sawyer, “Macroeconomic Stability.”
Chapter 4 of Franko, “Latin America’s Debt Crisis.”
Chapter 5 of Franko, “Macroeconomic Stabilization.”
Note: These are a lot of chapters! It is perfectly understandable if you do not get to them all!
Recommended:
Bulmer-Thomas, V. (2003) “New Trade Strategies and Debt-Led Growth,” in The Economic History of Latin America Since Independence, Cambridge Univeristy Press, 313-352.
Bulmer-Thomas, V. (2003) “Debt, Adjustment, and the Sift to a New Paradigm,” in The Economic History of Latin America Since Independence, Cambridge Univeristy Press, 353-391.
Dornbusch, R. (1985) “Dealing with Debt in the 1980s,” Third World Quarterly, 7:3, 532-551.
Lustig, N. (2000) “Crises and the Poor: Socially Responsible Macroeconomics,” Economía: Journal of the Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association, 1:1, 1-30.
Reinert, K.A. (2012) “Structural Change and Adjustment,” in An Introduction to International Economics: New Perspectives on the World Economy, Cambridge University Press.
Rojas-Suarez, L. (2003) “Monetary Policy and Exchange Rates: Guiding Principles for a Sustainable Regime,” in Kuczynski, P.P. and J. Williamson (eds.) After the Washington Consensus: Restarting Growth in Latin America, Institute for International Economics, 123-155.
Santiso, J. (2006) “The Present Decline” and “Structural Adjustments as Temporal Adjustments” in Latin America’s Political Economy of the Possible, MIT Press, 21-95.
Toro, F. (2017) “As Socialist Venezuela Collapses, Socialist Bolivia Thrives. Here’s Why,” Washington Post, January 6.
Week 6 (February 26): The State and Growth in Latin America/El Estado y el Crecimiento en América Latina
Chapter 2 of Reyes and Sawyer, “Economic Growth and Latin America.”
Chapter 8 of Franko, “Microeconomic Foundations for Growth and Competitiveness in the Global Economy.”
Recommended:
Artana, D., R. López Murphy, and F. Navajas (2003) “A Fiscal Policy Agenda,” in Kuczynski, P.P. and J. Williamson (eds.) After the Washington Consensus: Restarting Growth in Latin America, Institute for International Economics, 75-101.
Cárdenas, M. and G. Perry (2011) “Fiscal Policy in Latin Ameria,” in J.A. Ocampo and J. Ros (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Latin American Economics, Oxford University Press, 266-292.
Fishlow, A. (1990) “The Latin American State,” Journal of Economic Perspectives, 4:3, 61-74.
Fukuyama, F. (2008) “Do Defective Institutions Explain the Development Gap between the United States and Latin America?”in F. Fukuyama (ed.) Falling Behind: Explaining the Development Gap between Latin America and the United States , Oxford University Press, 194-221.
Inter-American Development Bank (2005) The Politics of Policies.
Kuczynski, P.-P. (2003) “Reforming the State,” Kuczynski, P.P. and J. Williamson (eds.) After the Washington Consensus: Restarting Growth in Latin America, Institute for International Economics, 33-47.
Roett, R. and F.E. González (2008) “The Role of High-Stakes Politics in Latin America’s Development Gap,” in F. Fukuyama (ed.) Falling Behind: Explaining the Development Gap between Latin America and the United States , Oxford University Press, 134-158.
Santiso, J. (2006) “The Chilean Trajectory: From Liberalism to Possibilism,” in Latin America’s Political Economy of the Possible, MIT Press, 97-116.
Week 7 (March 5): The New Openness/La Nueva Apertura: Briefing Paper Paragraph Due via Email
Chapter 7 of Reyes and Sawyer, “Latin American Trade Policy.”
Chapter 6 of Franko, “Public and Private Capital Flows to Latin America.”
Chapter 7 of Franko, “Contemporary Trade Policy.”
Recommended:
Bouzas, R. and S. Keifman (2003) “Making Trade Liberalization Work,” in P.P. Kuczynski, P.P. and J. Williamson (eds.) After the Washington Consensus: Restarting Growth in Latin America, Institute for International Economics, 157-179.
Coatsworth, J.H. and J.G. Williamson (2004) “Always Protectionist? Latin American Tariffs from Independence to Great Depression,” Journal of Latin American Studies, 36:2 205-232.
The Economist (2013) “Latin American Geoeconomics: A Continental Divide,” May 18.
The Economist (2017) “There Has Never Been A Better Time for Latin American Integration,” March 25.
Enoch, C., W. Bossu, C. Caseres and D. Singh (2017) Financial Integration in Latin America: A New Strategy for a New Normal, International Monetary Fund.
de Ferranti, D. et al. (2002) From Natural Resources to the Knowledge Economy: Trade and Job Quality, World Bank.
Ferraz, J.C., M. Mortimore and M. Tavares (2011) “Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America,” in J.A. Ocampo and J. Ros (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Latin American Economics, Oxford University Press, 438-460.
Fontdeglória, X. (2015) “China acelerará sus inversiones en América Latina,” El País, 8 Enero.
Reinert, K.A. (2012) “Exchange Rates and Purchasing Power Parity,” in An Introduction to International Economics: New Perspectives on the World Economy, Cambridge University Press.
Santiso, J. (2006)”Lula Light,” in Latin America’s Political Economy of the Possible, MIT Press, 117-138.
Sawers, L. (2005) “Nontraditional or New Traditional Exports,” Latin American Research Review, 40:3, 40-67.
Week 8 (March 12): No Class Due to Spring Break
Week 9 (March 19): Midterm Exam
Week 10 (March 26): NAFTA/TLCAN (Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte)
Hufbauer and Schott, Chapters 1 and 9 of NAFTA Revisited: Achievements and Challenges, Institute for International Economics, 2005.
Recommended:
Davis, D.E. (2004) “From Victors to Victims? Rural Middle Classes, Revolutionary Legacies, and the Unfulfilled Promise of Discplinary Development in Mexico,” Chapter 5 of Discipline and Development: Middle Classes and Prosperity in East Asia and Latin America, Cambrige University Press, 245-339.
The Economist (2010) “Migrant Farm Workers: Field of Tears,” December 16.
The Economist (2012) “Going Up in the World,” November 24.
Fernández-Kelly, P. and D.S. Massey (2007) “Borders for Whom? The Role of NAFTA in Mexico-U.S. Migration,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610, 98-118.
Puyana, A. (2012) “Mexican Agriculture and NAFTA: A 20-Year Balance Sheet,” Review of Agrarian Studies, 2:1, 1-43.
Reinert, K.A. (2012) “Preferential Trade Agreements,” in An Introduction to International Economics: New Perspectives on the World Economy, Cambridge University Press.
Reinert, K.A. and D.W. Roland-Holst, “North-South Trade and Occupational Wages: Some Evidence from North America,” Review of International Economics, 6:1, 1998, 74-89.
Reinert, K.A. and D.W. Roland-Holst, “NAFTA and Industrial Pollution: Some General Equilibrium Estimates,” Journal of Economic Integration, 16:2, 2001, 165-179.
Santiso, J. (2006) “Mexico: The Great Transformation, ” in Latin America’s Political Economy of the Possible, MIT Press, 139-181.
Week 11 (April 2): CATFA-DR, Mercosur, Andean Community and the FTAA
Chapter 1 of World Bank (2005) DR-CAFTA: Challenges and Opportunities for Central America, 2005.
Creamer, G. (2009) “The Andean Community,” in K. Reinert, K. Rajan, A. Glass and L. Davis (eds.), The Princeton Encylopedia of the World Economy, 61-64, available electronically through library catalog.
Mendez, J. (2009) “CAFTA-DR,” in K. Reinert, K. Rajan, A. Glass and L. Davis (eds.), The Princeton Encylopedia of the World Economy, 172-174, available electronically through library catalog.
Feinberg, R. (2009) “The FTAA,” in K. Reinert, K. Rajan, A. Glass and L. Davis (eds.), The Princeton Encylopedia of the World Economy, 505-508, available electronically through library catalog.
Roett, R. (2009) “Mercosur,” in K. Reinert, K. Rajan, A. Glass and L. Davis (eds.), The Princeton Encylopedia of the World Economy, 759-767, available electronically through library catalog.
Recommended:
Bulmer-Thomas, V. (1998) “The Central American Common Market: From Closed to Open Regionalism,” World Development, 26:2, 313-322.
The Economist (2012) “South American Integration: Mercosur RIP?” July 14, 2012.
Esteradeordal, A., J. Goto, and R. Saez, (2001)”The New Regionalism in the Americas: The Case of Mercosur,” Journal of Economic Integration, 16:2, 180-202.
Reid, M. (2002) “Mercosur: A Critical Overview,” Chatham House Mercosur Study Group.
Week 12 (April 9): Rural Development/El Desarrollo Rural
Chapter 9 of Franko, “Latin American Agriculture.”
Chapter 1 of de Ferranti, D. et al. (2005), Beyond the City: The Rural Contribution to Development, World Bank. Available on the web and through World Bank documents database.
Recommended:
Arana, M. (2013) “The Kids Left Behind By the Boom,” New York Times, March 20.
Davis, D.E. (2004) Discipline and Development: Middle Classes and Prosperity in East Asia and Latin America, Cambridge University Press.
Echeverria, R.C. (2000) “Options for Rural Poverty Reduction in Latin America and the Caribbean,” CEPAL Review, 70, 151-164.
Reichman, D.R. (2011) The Broken Village: Coffee, Migration, and Globalization in Honduras, Cornell University Press.
Sheahan, J. (1987) “Ownership I: Land,” in Patterns of Development in Latin America, Princeton University Press, 130-154.
Week 13 (April 16): Poverty and Inequality/La Pobreza y la Desigualdad
Chapter 12 of Reyes and Sawyer, “Poverty and Inequality.”
Chapter 10 of Franko, “Poverty in Latin America.”
Overview and Chapter 6 of Fiszbein, A. and N. Schady (2009) Conditional Cash Transfers: Reducing Present and Future Povery, World Bank. Available via World Bank e-Library.
The Economist (2015) “The Poverty Alert,” February 21.
Recommended:
Birdsall, N. and M. Székely (2003) “Bootstraps, Not Band-Aids: Poverty, Equity, and Social Policy,” in P.P. Kuczynski, P.P. and J. Williamson (eds.) After the Washington Consensus: Restarting Growth in Latin America, Institute for International Economics, 49-73.
Gasparini, L., G. Cruces and L. Tornarolli (2011) “Recent Trends in Income Inequality in Latin America,” Economía, 11:2, 147-201.
Paes de Barros, R. et al. (2009) Measuring Inequality of Opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean, World Bank.
Patricio Korzeniewicz, R. and W.C. Smith, (2000) “Poverty, Inequality, and Growth in Latin America: Searching for the High Road to Globalization,” Latin America Research Review, 35:3, 7-54.
Sheahan, J. and E. Iglesias (1998) “Kinds and Causes of Inequality in Latin America,” in N. Birdsall, C. Graham, and R. Sabot (eds.), Beyond Trade-Offs: Market Reform and Equitable Growth in Latin America, Brookings Institution, 29-61.
Vakis, R., J. Rigolini and L. Lucchetti (2015) Left Behind: Chronic Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean, World Bank.
Week 14 (April 23): Health and Education/La Salud y La Educación
Chapter 11 of Franko, “Health Policy.”
Chapter 12 of Franko, “Education Policy.”
Recommended:
Colclough, C., “Education and the Market: Which Parts of the Neoliberal Solution Are Correct?” World Development, 24:4, 1996, 589-610.
Contreras, D., P. Sepúlveda ans S. Bustos (2010) “When Schools Are the Ones that Choose: The Effects of Screening in Chile,” Social Science Quarterly, 91:5, 1349-1368.
Sheahan, J. (1987) “Poverty,” in Patterns of Development in Latin America, Princeton University Press, 23-48.
Toscana, D. (2013) “The Country That Stopped Reading,” New York Times, March 5.
Wolff, L. and C. de Moura Castro (2003) “Education and Training: The Task Ahead,” in P.P. Kuczynski and J. Williamson (eds.) After the Washington Consensus: Restarting Growth in Latin America, Institute for International Economics, 181-212.
Week 15 (April 30): Review of Semester/Revista del Semestre
Chapter 13 of Reyes and Sawyer, “Economic Policy Debates in Latin America.”
Chapter 14 of Franko, “Lessons (Not Quite) Learned.”
Recommended:
Fukuyama. F. (2008) “Conclusion,” in F. Fukuyama (ed.) Falling Behind: Explaining the Development Gap between Latin America and the United States , Oxford University Press, 268-295.
Navia, P. and A. Velasco (2003) “The Politics of Second-Generation Reforms,” in P.P. Kuczynski and J. Williamson (eds.) After the Washington Consensus: Restarting Growth in Latin America, Institute for International Economics, 265-303.
Santiso, J. (2006) “The Emergence of a Political Economy of the Possible,” in Latin America’s Political Economy of the Possible, MIT Press, 165-181.
Williamson, J. (2003) “Summing Up,” in P.P. Kuczynski and J. Williamson (eds.) After the Washington Consensus: Restarting Growth in Latin America, Institute for International Economics, 305-321.
Week 16 (May 7): Final Exam/Examen Final, Papers Due via E-Mail by 9:00 AM on Friday May 10.
Briefing Paper/Documento Informativo
One requirement of this course is for you to write a briefing paper on a country in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region. The paper is to be no longer than 4,000 words. It is to be written in non-technical language suitable for a policy-maker. The paper must include an Excel-prepared chart based on the World Banks’s World Development Indicators (WDI) or on CEPALStat. A paragraph describing your paper is due via email on March 5. The paper is due via email by 9:00 AM on May 10.
The briefing paper is to include sections on recent macroeconomic history, exchange rate management (check the IMF classification), balance of payments issues (check IMF balance of payments statistics), trade policy including (check WTO Trade Policy Review Reports) preferential trade agreements (PTAs, check the WTO RTA database), poverty and human development (check the World Banks’s WDI).
Try your best to include some quality research sources in your briefing paper. Here, Google is not your friend! Google Scholar is your friend. So too is the e-journals resource of Mason’s library system.
Oxford University Press has published Oxford Bibliographies in Latin American Studies.
Ph.D. student have the option of working with me to develop a paper assignment that supports their progress in their program. Please contact me as early as possible in the semester to discuss this alternative option.
Schar School Policy on Plagiarism/El Plagio
The profession of scholarship and the intellectual life of a university, as well as the field of public policy inquiry, depend fundamentally on a foundation of trust. Thus, any act of plagiarism strikes at the heart of the meaning of the University and the purpose of the Schar School of Policy and Government. It constitutes a serious breach of professional ethics and it is unacceptable.
Plagiarism is the use of another’s words or ideas presented as one’s own. It includes, among other things, the use of specific words, ideas, or frameworks that are the product of another’s work. Honesty and thoroughness in citing sources is essential to professional accountability and personal responsibility. Appropriate citation is necessary so that arguments, evidence, and claims can be critically examined.
Plagiarism is wrong because of the injustice it does to the person whose ideas are stolen. But it is also wrong because it constitutes lying to one’s professional colleagues. From a prudential perspective, it is shortsighted and self-defeating, and it can ruin a professional career.
The faculty of the School takes plagiarism seriously and has adopted a zero tolerance policy. Any plagiarized assignment will receive an automatic grade of “F.” This may lead to failure for the course, resulting in termination from the program and possible dismissal from the University. This dismissal will be noted on the student’s transcript. For foreign students who are on a university-sponsored visa (e.g. F-1, J-1 or J-2), dismissal also results in the revocation of their visa.
To help enforce the Schar School policy on plagiarism, all written work submitted in partial fulfillment of course or degree requirements must be available in electronic form so that it can be compared with electronic databases, as well as submitted to commercial services to which the School subscribes. Faculty may at any time submit a student’s work without prior permission from the student. Individual instructors may require that written work be submitted in electronic as well as printed form. The Schar School policy on plagiarism is supplementary to the George Mason University Honor Code; it is not intended to replace it or substitute for it.
Nondiscrimination Statement/Afirmación de Antidiscriminación
It is my personal policy not to discriminate among students based on race, ethnicity, religious faith, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, or physical ability.
Disabilities/Incapacidades
If you are a student with a disability and you need academic accommodations, please see me and contact the Disability Resource Center (DRC) at 993-2474. All academic accommodations must be arranged through the DRC.
Bookshelf/Libros
Armendáriz, B. and F. Larraín (2017) The Economics of Contemporary Latin America, MIT Press.
Blackburn, R. (1997) The Making of New World Slavery, Verso.
Bulmer-Thomas (1987) The Political Economy of Central America Since 1920, Cambridge University Press.
Bulmer-Thomas, V. (2003) The Economic History of Latin America Since Independence, Cambridge Univeristy Press.
Cardoso, E. and A. Helwege (1992) Latin America’s Economy: Diversity, Trends, and Conflicts, MIT Press.
Davis, D.E. (2004) Discipline and Development: Middle Classes and Prosperity in East Asia and Latin America, Cambridge University Press.
de la Torre, A et al. (2015) Latin America and the Rising South: Changing World, Changing Priorities, World Bank.
Fukuyama. F. (2008) (ed.) Falling Behind: Explaining the Development Gap between Latin America and the United States , Oxford University Press.
Kuczynski, P.P. and J. Williamson (eds.) (2003) After the Washington Consensus: Restarting Growth in Latin America, Institute for International Economics.
Mann, C.C. (2006) 1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus, Vintage.
Mann, CC. (2011) 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, Knopf.
Ocampo, J.A. and J. Ros (2011) The Oxford Handbook of Latin American Economics, Oxford University Press.
Reid, M. (2007) Forgotten Continent: The Battle for Latin America’s Soul, Yale University Press.
Reinert, K.A. (2012) An Introduction to International Economics: New Perspectives on the World Economy, Cambridge University Press.
Santiso, J. (2006) Latin America’s Political Economy of the Possible, MIT Press.
Schott, J.J. and G.C. Hufbauer (2005) NAFTA Revisited: Achievement and Challenges, Institute for International Economics, 2005.
Sheahan, J., Patterns of Development in Latin America, Princeton University Press, 1987.
Relevant Websites/Sitios del Internet Pertinentes
Acción International
CEPAL Review Articles
El País, LatinoAmérica
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)
Inter-American Development Bank
Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association
Mercosur
Organization of American States
Organization for Tropical Studies
Pan American Health Organization
ProMujer
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean